Southeast Oklahoma is an unusual place, politically. Many southerners settled in the area after the Civil War, leading to its nickname “Little Dixie.”
Through the 20th century, it became the center of political power in Oklahoma, and the Democratic Party dominated politics well into the late 1990s. Decades after the formerly “Solid South” had switched to the Republican Party, Democrats enjoyed an 8:1 voter registration advantage in southeast Oklahoma.
Despite the backlash against the Democrats over civil rights in the 1960s, despite the Reagan Revolution, and the ensuing culture wars, for years a Republican trying to run for local office in Little Dixie utterly wasted his time and money. But over the past decade, that Democratic dominance has completely collapsed. The question isn’t really why this part of Oklahoma turned away from the Democratic Party, but why it took so long?
Roots In Removal
Bob Blackburn, the executive director of the Oklahoma Historical Society, says the roots of Oklahoma’s political history extend far beyond statehood, or even the territorial land runs of the 1880s and ‘90s. The seeds of southeast Oklahoma politics were planted by Oklahoma’s Native American tribes.
"When the Indian tribes are moved out of the southeast, they bring with them very much a southern culture,” Blackburn said. “John Ross, for example, was one-eighth Cherokee, but southern through and through. The richest Choctaw, Robert M. Jones, a delegate to the Confederate Congress during the Civil War, was half Choctaw half Scotch. And so the mixed blood leaders were all southerners. They were tied in with the southern economy.”
All five major tribes side with the Confederacy during the Civil War. Their ties to the south would help shape Oklahoma’s view of the federal government through statehood, and beyond.
“The mythology along with a little bit of the reality, is that the Republicans — Abraham Lincoln — invaded the south, and the lost cause was trying to save the purity of the Constitution, state’s rights, their ability to leave the Union, that without the Republicans and without Abraham Lincoln they would have their own nation,” Blackburn said.
So, the Republicans were the enemy in the eyes of the people in what would become Oklahoma during and just after the Civil War. And Republicans ran the federal government. And this idea of the “lost cause” of the Confederacy was shared between the Indian people in the territory and the wider south, which was loyal to the Democratic Party at the time.
Fast forward to the lead-up to statehood in 1907. Indian Territory — eastern Oklahoma — petitions to be its own state, called Sequoyah, and is denied, in part because Sequoyah would be a solidly Democratic state.
"Republicans don’t want to give any upper hand to the Democrats by giving them a new state,” said Keith Gaddie, the chair of the political science department at the University of Oklahoma. “So you take Sequoyah — the proposed state of Sequoyah — you merge it with Oklahoma Territory and Cimarron, right, and that gives you modern Oklahoma. And it’s admitted as a state that’s supposed to have more partisan balance to it.”
Dust Bowl Dilution
The relatively low population in western Oklahoma would thin further once that fertile farmland dried up and blew away during the Dust Bowl.
"What John Steinbeck wrote about was really the Joad family as a Little Dixie family that can no longer make it as a sharecropping family,” Blackburn said. “So where do you go? Well, they went to California. A lot of them went to Oklahoma City or Dallas or Tulsa or Wichita where they could find these jobs in urban areas.”
Urban, at the time, meaning more Republican.
“It largely leaves the southeast part of the state out of that change,” Blackburn said. “And so that old Democratic, conservative, populist, tribal sovereignty, Indian culture, Scots-Irish blended in there, survives without all of these other changes that are affecting Tulsa County, Oklahoma County, and a large part of western Oklahoma.”
So southeast Oklahoma was poor and jobless. Those left behind needed a hero. They got one.
Franklin Roosevelt’s impact would be felt in Little Dixie’s politics for the next 70 years. Kenneth Corn, a former state Senator from Poteau and the Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor in 2010, wrote his senior thesis on FDR’s impact in southeast Oklahoma.
"They would tell you Franklin Roosevelt saved this country and saved their families and put their mom and dad to work and led us through the war. And those people remembered that, and they remembered he was a Democrat,” Corn said. “They remembered what happened when Hoover, who came up with these disastrous policies, they remember what happened to their families. And they remember who pulled them out.”
The dispossessed rural population took to the New Deal far more positively than the rest of the state.
“Suddenly they’re bringing in the grants, creating jobs, building highways. And so the coalition that Franklin Roosevelt put together in the ‘30s was this dispossessed white population, giving hope to the African American population, reaching out to the Indian population with the Indian New Deal,” Blackburn said. “When he brought [John] Collier in as — to lead the Bureau of Indian Affairs as we would call it today — they were reaching out trying to give authority and sovereignty back to the Indian tribes.”
Gaddie called the New Deal “living memory” because of social security, unemployment insurance, and the fact that for thousands of war veterans, Roosevelt was their president.
“That stuck in their minds, that government could be a force for good and could do great things,” Gaddie said.
Great Society Shift – Sort-Of
President Johnson continued the legacy of the recently assassinated President Kennedy when he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that outlawed discrimination based on, among other things, race. After the signing ceremony he reportedly said Democrats had lost the south for a generation. And it was true, for Oklahoma too. Oklahoma’s electoral votes in the 1968 presidential election went to Richard Nixon, and the state hasn’t been “blue” since.
But in Little Dixie, things were different.
In that 1968 election, Hubert Humphrey, the Democrat, won in Pittsburg County, where McAlester is. Humphrey won in Coal, Hughes, and Latimer Counties as well, all in Little Dixie. Gerald Ford took the state in 1976, but in Little Dixie, Jimmy Carter won by a landslide. In 1980, Reagan got trounced in southeast Oklahoma. Hughes, Coal, and Haskell Counties went for Walter Mondale in 1984, when Reagan won in 49 of the 50 states. Imagine this: Michael Dukakis beats George H.W. Bush in 1988 in Little Dixie. And of course southeast Oklahoma voted for Bill Clinton both times.
In southeast Oklahoma, Democratic dominance survives the civil rights backlash. It survives the Reagan Revolution. It survives the culture wars of the late 1980s and early ‘90s.
But why?
Legendary Leadership
Resentment over the Civil War, coal mining, unions, European immigration, Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal – all these factors made Little Dixie so loyal to the Democratic Party in the first place so that by the end of World War II, the stage was set for the rise of a handful of political leaders that would transcend the national forces working against the Democratic Party.
"By the time of the 1950s and '60s, with J. Howard Edmondson, a Muskogee family, George Nigh, a McAlester family, Gene Stipe, a McAlester family, with E.T. Dunlap reorganizing higher education in the '40s and '50s, comes out of southeastern Oklahoma, the old Choctaw Nation,” Blackburn said. “This is the culture that is shaping state government in the '40s and '50s, and it’s solidly Democratic.”
Perhaps chief among all of the influential political leaders from southeast Oklahoma was Robert S. Kerr, first a successful oilman, then governor of Oklahoma, then Democratic U.S. Senator from Oklahoma. He went from Ada to one of the most powerful people in the country.
Kerr saw the importance of infrastructure. Oklahoma has more lakes than any other state in the country. That’s true. And none of them are natural. All of them are man-made. And Kerr is one of the main reasons they’re there – he transformed the geography of Oklahoma with the sheer force of his political will. He pushed for, and got, the massively expensive Kerr-McClellan Arkansas River Navigation System put in place. It’s the furthest inland deep-water port in North America and connects Oklahoma to the Gulf of Mexico.
Former Gov. George Nigh also hails from Little Dixie. He’s nearly 90 years old, and worked with Kerr when he was growing up in McAlester in the 1940s and 50s when Kerr ran for president. He knew “the king of the Senate” intimately, and the “little giant” on the other side of the U.S. Capitol – Representative, then Majority Leader, then Speaker Carl Albert. Nigh said in the 1950s and 60s, Oklahoma and Texas pretty much ran Congress.
“Kerr and Lyndon Johnson, who was head of the U.S. Senate, were best friends. Carl Albert was the majority leader of the United States Congress. The Congressman from Texas, across the Red River that adjoined Carl Albert’s Congressional district was Sam Rayburn, speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives,” Nigh said. “Two leaders in the United States Congress were from Texas – Congressman and Senator. Their best friends were Bob Kerr from Oklahoma and Carl Albert. And Sam Rayburn picked Carl Albert to follow him as speaker.”
When Little Dixie had a voice that big, there wasn’t much of a reason to vote Republican. Even after he retired, Albert retained his long political reach, helping David Walters defeat Republican nominee Bill Price after Republican Gov. Henry Bellmon chose not to seek reelection in 1990.
Unstoppable Stipe
Carl Albert and Robert S. Kerr were national leaders, but Gene Stipe made Little Dixie his kingdom in state politics. He represented McAlester in the state Senate for 46 years from 1957 until 2003. He became a legendary man of the people who’d help his constituents any way he could, as long as there was something in it for him.
Editor’s Note: Layden started his radio career at KNED in McAlester, a Stipe-owned station, and his family was very close to Stipe before he passed away in 2012.
Eddie Harper was Stipe’s law partner for decades. Every Saturday, Stipe would hold court at his law office and people would line up to ask for help from “Uncle Gene.”
"He worked hard and he cared about people. And he’d meet with people all the time and try to help them with whatever their problem was,” Harper said. “He might not be able to help them, but he’d encourage them. And he liked that. And everyone believed in him.”
But Stipe was far from selfless, and he had lots of enemies, and scandals. The feds came after him for tax evasion. There was a dust-up about ghost employees at the state health department office in Pittsburg County and improper campaign contributions. He was no friend to the news media either, and felt the bad press he got in The Oklahoman newspaper was part of a personal vendetta against him.
“He was never a man of the people,” said Kathryn Jenson White, a professor emerita of journalism at the University of Oklahoma who grew up in Little Dixie. “He had so much money, and he was taking the land of the people. Well, actually, he didn’t care so much about the land. He cared about the mineral rights. He would take title to those mineral rights as he defended drug case after drug case after drug case down there.”
Still, she can’t deny how he endeared himself to his constituents after seeing him speak at a Savanna High School graduation ceremony.
“He’s got those little half-moon glasses on, rumpled, cheap suit. He never dressed — he dressed just like his constituents,” Jenson White said. “It wasn’t very inspirational. It was kind of like, ‘Y’all gotta do good. Be nice to your mama. Don’t lie. Don’t steal.’ And of course, I looked around — because I’m the outlier — and I’m looking around, and people just on the edge of their seats.”
And then, in 2003, it was over. Stipe pleaded guilty on federal campaign violations and resigned from the Senate on March 11. It’s no coincidence that it was around the same time that the Democrats finally lost their grip on Little Dixie.
New Rules, Retirement, Realignment, Racism
The Democratic foundation in Little Dixie started to crack in the final decade of the 20th century. Term limits went into effect in 1992, keeping politicians like Kenneth Corn from becoming the next Gene Stipe. The Republican Revolution of 1994 saw Tom Coburn and J.C. Watts takeover formerly Democratic seats. Also that year, Oklahoma’s Congressional delegation lost a politician Gaddie says approaches the stature of Kerr or Albert.
“David Boren’s retirement leaves this huge space that the Republicans step into,” Gaddie said. “1994 is the big breakthrough year. And it’s because it’s the year Republicans discovered how to fully speak to evangelicals.”
Little Dixie had always been very socially conservative, but having highly influential national, state, and local leaders trumped those leanings until the turn of the 21st century.
"This top down realignment is underway, chipping away, chipping away, chipping away,” Gaddie said. “Once ’04 comes, Republicans have got control of one chamber of the state legislature. Then in ’06, they have a tie in the Senate. Brad Henry is reelected governor. Then in ’08 they get the Senate. Then in ’10 Mary Fallin gets elected governor. They’ve got two-thirds majorities in both chambers. Then the bottom drops out. Then in ’12, they start winning Little Dixie seats, right? I mean they take Kenneth Corn’s Senate seat in 2010.”
12-year term limits wetn into effect in 1992, about the time a new group of young Little Dixie Democrats would’ve started their legislative careers. When it came to Poteau state Sen. Kenneth Corn, the strategy hit its mark.
“If Kenneth Corn wasn’t term limited, he’d still be in the Senate, and he’d be a non-corrupt version of Gene Stipe,” Gaddie said. “He was the next one. Term limits cause a lot of really high-quality Democrats to have to exit politics.”
Corn is now the city manager in Anadarko, and agrees the political machine these leaders built in Little Dixie ended with Gene Stipe’s political career, and term limits kept their successors from taking a political hold on the area.
“There was really not a farm team, so to speak, for the Democrats, because we had the same people on the ballot year after year after year, and we weren’t grooming people, because we always had our candidates,” Corn said. “What ended up happening is that the Republican Party had done a fairly good job of starting to put people on school boards and city councils that were non-partisan. And then, when those things came open, they had people prepared to run for them that people had already voted for in another fashion.”
Oklahoma Democrats have always been conservative, and those conservative to moderate politics don’t translate well to Washington Democrats. When voters sent Barack Obama to the White House in 2008, that split between Oklahoma Democrats and Washington Democrats became a chasm, and a reminder of Little Dixie’s post-Civil War roots.
“When I ran for Lieutenant governor in 2010, no matter where I went I would have people say, ‘I can’t vote for a Democrat as long as he’s president.’ I had people say — I heard more people use the N-word than I’d ever heard, ever,” Corn said. “For those of us who happen to share the same party, we don’t always agree with the president. There are a lot of things that I’ve been disappointed in that he has done or hasn’t done. I’d say he’s definitely not one of the best presidents we’ve ever had. But the rest of us that happen to be in the same party, whether we agreed with him or not, have been punished for things he’s done or not done, or peoples’ general dislike of him.”
Brenda Callahan is the vice chair of the Democratic Party in eastern Oklahoma’s Second Congressional District. That’s the seat Democrat Dan Boren used to hold, but now belongs to Republican Markwayne Mullin.
“It’s just mind-boggling to me,” Callahan said. “We’re very poor here in southeast Oklahoma, and it’s almost like people are just cutting off their nose to spite their face.”
Callahan also sees the loss of influential leadership as the main reason Little Dixie finally turned away from the Democrats, but she too points out the role racism and the election of Barack Obama played, especially for older voters. And in Pittsburg County, the oldest voters are the most Democratic.
“Absolutely race is part of it,” Callahan said. “But they’re not going to tell you — oh, they’re not racists.”
She pulls out a big pile of voting records from consistent Democratic voters in the McAlester area and sending mailers to the youngest of them.
“82, 71, these are our regular voters. 88, OK? 73. 84, 81, here one at 57. I sent them a letter. Ok? 84, 86, 72, 75 72,” Callahan said as she read off their ages.
What’s left of the Democratic Party in Pittsburg County is dying, and the ones that are still around generally hate President Obama. In Wilburton, Latimer County Democratic Party organizers Les and Ruth Brelsford say racism may have played a role in 2008, even if no one would admit it.
“Now, the eight, six years, enough things have happened that they have specific antipathy to him and to his policies,” Les Brelsford said. “So, you have executive privilege and different things that have happened. I feel that very strongly, that it was just too, too, too much for southern Democrats to accept an African-American having that much authority.”
The Fox Factor
But there’s one more aspect at work. In 2006, researchers Stefano DellaVigna and Ethan Kaplan published a working paper called “The Fox News Effect: Media Bias and Voting.” It found that in the 2000 presidential election, the presence of the Fox News Channel in a town’s cable lineup equated to about a half a percentage point bump in Republican gains compared to the 1996 election.
Maybe it’s not a coincidence that Fox News premiered around 1998 in towns across Little Dixie, right when this trend toward the Republican Party took off. The Brelsfords certainly don’t think so.
“Now it’s in every doctor’s office,” Ruth Brelsford said. “If you go to the doctor, which is where, of course, we have to doctor down here, or McAlester, and Fox is what’s going to be on the monitor, the TV in the waiting room, is going to be Fox.”
Corn also says the rise of the Fox News Channel changes the way people in the area get their news, as playing a part in withering support for Democrats in southeast Oklahoma.
“24-hour news media has greatly changed how people interact with their government,” Corn said. “In fact, they have so sensationalized things that policymakers can’t actually work toward compromise in order to get things done and solve problems, because it’s become so philosophical.”
The loss of great Democratic Party leaders and the death of the old Democratic political machine, term limits, racism and the election of President Obama, the rise of conservative media on television — all of these different factors converged on southeast Oklahoma at the turn of the 21st century, and relatively quickly, wiped out the progressive dominance that took a century to put in place and the likes of Carl Albert, Robert S. Kerr, and Gene Stipe to maintain.
It’s a fascinating story, and every Democratic Party activist I talked to said there would come a day when Little Dixie would be solidly Democratic again.
Democrats do still hold a 3-to-1 voter registration advantage in Pittsburg County, for example. But those Democrats are voting for members of the other party, like Larry Boggs, a Republican, who now sits in Gene Stipe’s old state Senate seat.
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